The chemicals and fuels produced by the process industries usually have to be transported to the place where they will be used — often along public highways, railroads, by sea or by pipeline. This ebook discusses the transportation of these ‘Highly Hazardous Chemicals’, with a particular focus on their safe loading and unloading.
This ebook discusses how to operate a facility that is already in operation. It includes housekeeping, the storage and handling of hazardous materials, emergency response and non-process operations.
The section of this ebook to do with Housekeeping is shown here.
Safety Instrumentation. Modern process and energy facilities are highly instrumented. The instruments are used to monitor on-going process conditions, provide information to the operating technicians, adjust operating variables, and take corrective action should process conditions move outside the safe range through the use of alarms, interlocks, and trips will all bring the system back to a safe state.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is clothing or equipment worn by workers to protect them from fire, toxic chemicals or physical impact. PPE should only be used when engineering designs and operating or maintenance practices do not provide a sufficiently safe work environment. PPE represents a last line of defense.
This ebook describes issues to consider when choosing a site for a process facility. Also discussed are the layout and spacing of equipment, utilities, buildings, roads, emergency equipment and piping and valves.
One of the philosophies that lies behind Process Safety Management (PSM) is that each chemical process is unique. Therefore it is not possible to have a prescriptive standard that tells operating companies what to do. Instead, companies have to identify the unique hazards associated with their facility, and then implement corrective actions based on a risk-ranking methodology.
For most workers in the process and energy industries the biggest hazard that they face is the possibility of injury or death from a source of high energy such as pressure, temperature, toxic chemicals, electricity, moving parts, pneumatic and hydraulic equipment, or falls from heights, often due to failure of the lockout tagout system.
This ebook provides an overview of the principles of safety in design used in the design of process and energy facilities, including chemical plants, oil refineries, offshore oil and gas platforms and pipelines. A description of some of the more important regulatory bodies and standards-setting organizations is also provided.
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Equipment for the process industries often handles corrosive and toxic materials at high temperatures and pressures. Therefore it is vital that this equipment is designed and operated such that it maintains integrity at all times. An unanticipated failure of an equipment item can have catastrophic consequences.
Valves are used to stop or control the flow of fluids in piping. The major categories of valve are:
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