Offshore Safety Management
Print Book ISBN
Page count
Ordering Information
This book can be ordered directly from the publisher Elsevier, or from Amazon and Barnes & Noble. The chapters are available in ebook form at ScienceDirect.
The book has 9 chapters and 352 pages. Contents
Please visit the Elsevier page for ordering information and to learn about ebook and single chapter versions. |
This 352 page book by Ian Sutton provides a comprehensive description of how safety can be managed in the offshore oil and gas industries. It also provides extensive detail on Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS), API's RP 75 - Safety and Environmental Program (SEMP) and Safety Cases.
The production of offshore oil and gas creates many hazards. The danger of fires and explosions is always present, weather conditions can be very harsh, produced gas can contain the highly toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the rigs and platforms are crowded with equipment and machinery, and - if there is an accident - there are few places to which to escape.
Therefore, in order to keep these facilities safe, and to protect the environment, companies put in place comprehensive Safety Management Systems (SMS). This book describes how such systems are developed and implemented.
This book helps executives, managers and technical professionals understand the principles of Offshore Safety. But the book goes beyond that - detailed guidance is provided on the development and implementation of a SEMS (Safety and Environmental Management System) program and Safety Cases.
The book describes risk management techniques and the application of process safety management principles to offshore facilities.
This first chapter provides an overview of safety management in the offshore oil and gas industry. Trends within the industry are discussed, along with an assessment of the impact of the Deepwater Horizon incident. A description of the different types of safety — occupational, process and technical — is provided, along with a description of Safety Management Systems.
A theme of this book is that the principles of risk management apply to many types of industry. Nevertheless each industry does have its unique features. Some of those to do with offshore safety are discussed in this chapter. Also discussed are some of the differences between production and drilling.
The development of safety systems is largely driven by lessons learned from incidents — particularly catastrophic events. This chapter provides an overview of some of the incidents that have led to the development of new offshore safety standards and techniques. In addition to describing important offshore incidents, three events from other industries are also described because of the impact that they had on all industrial safety management programs.
Copyright © Ian Sutton. 2018. All Rights Reserved.
Chapters
Chapter 1 - Risk Management
Introduction
Value of Safety Management Systems
Structure of this Book
Industry Trends
Impact of Deepwater Horizon
Safety Management Systems
1. Facility Description
2. Technical Information
3. Risk Assessment
4. Risk Acceptance
5. Report
6. Audit
Historical Background
Offshore
Onshore
Occupational, Process and Technical Safety
Occupational Safety
Process Safety Management
OSHA's PSM Standard
SEMP and SEMS
The Baker Report
The Incident Triangle
Technical Safety
Risk Management
Perception of the Consequence Term
Performance Based / Prescriptive Program
Acceptable Risk
Uncertainty
Cost Benefit Analysis
Risk Reduction
Risk Matrices
Consequence Matrix
Frequency Matrix
Risk Matrix
As Low as Reasonably Practicable Risk - ALARP
Setting ALARP
Difficulties with ALARP
Reverse ALARP
Regulations
Types of Safety Regulation
Prescriptive / Goal-Based
Enforcement Mechanism
Reporting Requirements
Examples of Types of Regulation
The Regulator's Dilemma
Responsible Parties
Rule-Making Process (U.S.)
Regulatory Agencies (U.S.)
Outer Continental Shelf
State Jurisdiction
Minerals Management Service (MMS)
BOEMRE
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
30 CFR Part 250
Subparts
NTLs
Inspections
Coast Guard
Classification Societies
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Department of Transportation
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Army Corp of Engineers
The Jones Act
SAMS (California)
PFEER Regulation (UK)
International (SOLAS)
Special Safety Issues Offshore
Lack of Escape Routes
Persons on Board
Hurricanes / Cyclones
Downers and Leaners
Blowouts
Hydrogen Sulfide
Dropped Objects
Helicopters
Ship Collisions
Chapter 2 - Major Offshore Events
Introduction
Santa Barbara (1969)
The Event
Incident Analysis
Long-Term Impact
Lessons for the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry
Follow the Rules
Public Response
Economic Loss
Elements of SEMS
Operating Procedures
Safe Work Practices
Flixborough (1974)
The Event
Incident Analysis
Long-Term Impact
Elements of SEMS
Hazards Analysis
Mechanical Integrity
Management of Change
Emergency Response and Control
Three Mile Island (1979)
The Event
Incident Analysis
Follow the Rules
Troubleshooting
Fixation
Critical Information Missing
Operator-Instrumentation Interface
Inherent Safety
Long-Term Impact
Elements of SEMS
Safety and Environmental Information
Safe Work Practices
Emergency Response and Control
Piper Alpha (1988)
The Event
Incident Analysis
Long-Term Impact
Elements of SEMS
Pre-Startup Safety Review
Safe Work Practices
Investigation of Incidents
Records and Documentation
Valdez (1989)
The Event
Incident Analysis
Long-Term Impact
Elements of SEMS
Pre-Startup Review
Safe Work Practices
Blackbeard (2006)
The (Non)-Event
Incident Analysis
Long-Term Impact
Elements of SEMS
Safety and Environmental Information
Safe Work Practices
Montara (2009)
The Event
Incident Analysis
Long-Term Impact
Elements of SEMS
Hazards Analysis
Training
Deepwater Horizon (2010)
The Event
Incident Analysis
Long-Term Impact
Lessons Learned
Rules Should Be Followed
Not "Taking a Risk for Safety"
Elements of SEMS
Fukushima-Daiichi (2011)
The Event
Incident Analysis
Long-Term Impact
Elements of SEMS
Hazards Analysis
Emergency Response and Control
Report of the President's Commission
Root Causes
Management of Change
Intervention
Communication
Lessons Learned
Balancing Risk and Profitability
Regulatory Failures
Recommendations
A1: Risk Management
A2: "Safety Case" Approach
A3: International Forum
A4: Independent Agency
A5: Regulatory Funding
B1: Strengthen NEPA
B2: Interagency Activities
C1: Oil Spill Planning
C2: District Plans
C3: State and Local Involvement
C4: Increased Research
C5: Dispersants
C6: Offshore Barrier Berms
D1: Oversee Source-Control Efforts
D2: Source Control Plans
D3: Accurate Estimates
D4: Proposed Well Design
INPO
Management and Leadership
Leadership
Following the Rules
Taking a Risk for Safety
Technical Expertise
Need for New Standards
Chapter 3 - Safety Offshore
Introduction
API Standards
Center for Offshore Safety
Offshore Operators Committee
Fundamentals of Safety Management Systems
Safe Limits
Non-Prescriptive
Performance-Based
Holistic
Involvement and Thoroughness
Recommended Practice 75
Scope
Management
Elements of SEMP
General
Purpose and Objective
Principles
Setting Objectives and Goals
Communication
Appendix A - Contractor Selection Criteria
Appendix B - Industry Codes, Practices, and Standards
RP 14C
RP 14G
RP 14J
Appendix C - References
Appendix D - Definitions
Appendix E - Performance Measures
SEMP and PSM
Chapter 4 - Regulations and Standards
Introduction
First Version of SEMS
Final Rule
Organization of the Rule
Scope
From SEMP to SEMS
Compliance
Contractors
Types of Contractor
Contract Companies
Contract Workers
Design Companies
SEMS Requirements
Bridging Documents
Elements of SEMS
The SEMS Standard
Additional BOEMRE Requirements
Special Offshore Issues
1. Safety and Environmental Information
The SEMS Standard
BOEMRE Requirements
2. Hazards Analysis
The SEMS Standard
BOEMRE Requirements
Hazards Analysis Offshore
Hazards Analysis Techniques
Major Hazards Analysis
Hazard Identification (HAZID)
The Hazard and Operability Method (HAZOP)
Bow-Tie Analysis
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Hazard Register
4. Management of Change
The SEMS Standard
BOEMRE Requirements
5. Operating Procedures
SEMS Requirements
BOEMRE Requirements
6. Safe Work Practices
SEMS Requirements
BOEMRE Requirements
7. Training
SEMS Requirements
BOEMRE Requirements
Subpart 'O'
SafeGulf
8. Mechanical Integrity
SEMS Requirements
BOEMRE Requirements
Mechanical Integrity Offshore
9. Pre-Startup Review
The SEMS Standard
BOEMRE Requirements
Prestartup Reviews Offshore
10. Emergency Response and Control
SEMS Requirements
BOEMRE Requirements
Lack of Space
Off-Duty Personnel
11. Investigation of Incidents
The SEMS Standard
BOEMRE Requirements
Incident Investigation Offshore
12. Audits
The SEMS Standard
BOEMRE Requirements
Audit Protocol
Single Question
Answers
Frequency of Audits
Audit Team
13. Records and Documentation
SEMS Requirements
BOEMRE Requirements
Interaction between the Elements
Form MMS-131
Records and Documentation Offshore
SEMS II
Chapter 5 - Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS)
Introduction
Types of Operator
High Activity Companies
Moderate Activity Companies
Low Activity Companies
Contractors
Timing
Designing a SEMS Program
Step 1 - Determine the Objectives
Step 2 - Create the Organization
Corporate
Facility Management
Steering Committee
Sub-Committees
SEMS Coordinator
Consultants
RACI Chart
Signature Authority
The SEMS Manual
General Section
Management Elements
Step 3 - Develop a Plan
Management Style
Metrics and Baseline
Program Creation
On-Going Program
Plan Structure
Budget
Schedule
Step 4 - Implement the Plan
Preliminary Steps
Read the Rule
P&IDs and Technical Documents
Management of Change
HAZOPs
Step 5 - Audit / Improve
Risk-Based Approach - Plan B
High Priority Elements
Economics of SEMS
Revenue
Costs
BOEMRE Data
Chapter 6 - Contractors
Introduction
Safety Case Definition
Different Industries
Features of a Safety Case
Duty-Holder Responsibility
Participation and Commitment
Information Availability
Risk Management System
Safety Management Systems
Auditor / Assessor Responsibility
Program Steps
Timing
ALARP Demonstration
Length of the Safety Case
Major Accidents
Major Accident Event
Safety Critical Elements
Performance Standards
IADC inherent-safety Case Guidelines
Structure of a Safety Case
Section I - Executive Summary
Section II - Introduction
Section III - Policies, Objectives, Regulations and Standards
Policies
Objectives
Regulations
Standards
Section IV - Facility Description
Section V - Safety Management System
Section VI - Formal Safety Assessment
Section VII - Audit and Review
Audits
Performance Measurement
Section VIII - References
Maintaining the Safety Case
Changes in Risk Perception
Changes in Operating Conditions
Bridging Documents
Effectiveness of Safety Cases
Chapter 7 - Implementing SEMS
Introduction
Philosophies
Elements of an FSA
Assumptions Register
Deck Type
Numbers of Personnel and their Locations
Leak Size and Frequencies
Transportation Logistics
Lifting Operations
Rescue and Recovery Operations
MetOcean Data
Structural Failure Time
Hazards Register
Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)
Importance Ranking
Fault Tree Analysis
Gates
OR Gate
AND Gate
Event Tree Analysis
Combining Event Trees and Fault Trees
Facility Layout and Equipment Arrangement
Flare and Radiation Analysis
Material Handling Assessment / Dropped Objects
Subsea Dropped Objects
Moving Objects Subsea
Safe Zones
Transportation
Fire and Gas Detection
Fire Detection
Fire Eyes / Flame Detectors
Smoke Detectors
Heat Detectors
Fusible Links
Low Oxygen Detectors
Combustible Gas Detectors
Manual Call Points
Gas Dispersion Analysis
Gas Release Modeling
Effect of Toxic Gases
Thermal Plumes
Fire and Explosion Analysis
Fires
Flammable Range
Ignition Temperature / Energy
Smoke
Explosions
Physical Explosions
Vapor Cloud Explosions
Deflagrations and Detonations
Blast Effects
Emergency Systems Survivability Analysis
Escape, Evacuation and Rescue Analysis
Temporary Refuge
Command and Control
Emergency Response Team
Training
Emergency Alarms
Escape from the Incident
Escape Routes
T-Cards
Evacuation
Embarkation Area
Lifeboats / TEMPSC
Life Rafts
Escape to the Sea
Rescue
Non-Hydrocarbon Analysis
Hydrogen Sulfide
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Other Chemicals
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Noise and Vibration
Sources of Noise
Allowable Noise and Vibration Levels
Noise Control
Engineering Controls
Pathway Control
Administrative Controls
PPE
Human Factors Engineering
Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM)
Human Reliability
Human Reliability Analysis
THERP
Valve Criticality Analysis
Reliability Data
Chapter 8 - Safety Cases
Introduction
Leadership and Management
Follow the Rules
Lack of Technical Expertise
Convergence of Standards
Spill Response
Helix Fast Response System
Marine Well Containment System
Long Tail Events
Black Swans
Short-Term Thinking
Conclusions
Content
- Risk Management
- Major Offshore Events
- Safety Offshore
- Regulations and StandardsEngineering Standards
- Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS)
- Contractors
- Implementing SEMS
- Safety Cases
- Formal Safety Analysis
Please visit the Elsevier page for ordering information and to learn about ebook and single chapter versions.