Contractors

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Overview

Companies in the process industries use contractor workers and companies at all levels. They range from large companies that manage megaprojects all the way down to the single worker carrying out a simple task lasting just a few minutes. Frequently, contract workers carry out much of the work at a process facility, and they are often responsible for carrying out some of the most hazardous activities.

Project Management

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Overview

Many of the activities that have been discussed in this series of ebooks are carried out as part of a project. Therefore, it is useful to review some of the basics of project management in the process industries - particularly the Phase/Gate system, and to show how process safety programs are integrated into projects.

The sketch shows the Phase/Gate method of managing a project.

Risk Management

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Overview

The process industries handle large quantities of hazardous, flammable and explosive materials and the processes used to handle these materials are often complex and highly specialized. Hence the consequences of an incident can be very serious indeed. In order to prevent such an incident from occurring companies implement risk management/process safety management programs.

Compliance and Standards

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Overview

Process safety compliance is an important part of any Process Safety Management (PSM) program. These programs are mostly performance-based and non-prescriptive. They aim to help managers achieve high levels of safety, environmental performance and profitability. However, there are also many PSM regulations. This chapter describes some of these regulations and discusses how compliance can be achieved.

Culture and Participation

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Process Safety Culture

Many of the current approaches to risk management are now quite mature so increasing attention is being paid to the topics of culture and employee participation. For example, the Baker Commission Report to do with the incident that occurred in 2005 at Texas City states that there is a need for a "common, unifying process safety culture".

Hazard Identification

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Overview

Risk consists of four elements,

  1. A hazard;
  2. The consequences of that hazard (safety, environmental and economic);
  3. The likelihood of occurrence of that hazard; and
  4. Safeguards that reduce consequences or likelihood.

The relationship between the first of the above three terms is shown in Equation (1).